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Uploaded a new file to resource st-moritz-t-mooring in Integrated monitoring of icing-up of selected swiss lakes: Final Report & Data
f | 1 | { | f | 1 | { |
2 | "author": "[\"Manu, Tom\", \"S\\u00fctterlin, Melanie\", \"Bouffard, | 2 | "author": "[\"Manu, Tom\", \"S\\u00fctterlin, Melanie\", \"Bouffard, | ||
3 | Damien\", \"Rothermel, Mathias\", \"Wunderle, Stefan\", \"Baltsavias, | 3 | Damien\", \"Rothermel, Mathias\", \"Wunderle, Stefan\", \"Baltsavias, | ||
4 | Emmanuel\"]", | 4 | Emmanuel\"]", | ||
5 | "author_email": null, | 5 | "author_email": null, | ||
6 | "creator_user_id": "064a4293-f097-4005-98d5-65b49b35ccf3", | 6 | "creator_user_id": "064a4293-f097-4005-98d5-65b49b35ccf3", | ||
7 | "extras": [ | 7 | "extras": [ | ||
8 | { | 8 | { | ||
9 | "key": "citation", | 9 | "key": "citation", | ||
10 | "value": "Manu, T., S\u00fctterlin, M., Bouffard, D., Rothermel, | 10 | "value": "Manu, T., S\u00fctterlin, M., Bouffard, D., Rothermel, | ||
11 | M., Wunderle, S., & Baltsavias, E. (2019). <i>Integrated | 11 | M., Wunderle, S., & Baltsavias, E. (2019). <i>Integrated | ||
12 | monitoring of icing-up of selected swiss lakes: Final Report & | 12 | monitoring of icing-up of selected swiss lakes: Final Report & | ||
13 | Data</i>. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and | 13 | Data</i>. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and | ||
14 | Technology. https://doi.org/10.25678/0001HC" | 14 | Technology. https://doi.org/10.25678/0001HC" | ||
15 | }, | 15 | }, | ||
16 | { | 16 | { | ||
17 | "key": "doi", | 17 | "key": "doi", | ||
18 | "value": "10.25678/0001HC" | 18 | "value": "10.25678/0001HC" | ||
19 | }, | 19 | }, | ||
20 | { | 20 | { | ||
21 | "key": "geographic_name", | 21 | "key": "geographic_name", | ||
22 | "value": "[\"Sihlsee\", \"Greifensee\", \"Lej da Segl\", | 22 | "value": "[\"Sihlsee\", \"Greifensee\", \"Lej da Segl\", | ||
23 | \"Silsersee\", \"Lej da Silvaplauna\", \"Silvaplanersee\", | 23 | \"Silsersee\", \"Lej da Silvaplauna\", \"Silvaplanersee\", | ||
24 | \"\\u00c4gerisee\", \"Lej da San Murexxan\", \"St. Moritzersee\"]" | 24 | \"\\u00c4gerisee\", \"Lej da San Murexxan\", \"St. Moritzersee\"]" | ||
25 | }, | 25 | }, | ||
26 | { | 26 | { | ||
27 | "key": "islongterm", | 27 | "key": "islongterm", | ||
28 | "value": "true" | 28 | "value": "true" | ||
29 | }, | 29 | }, | ||
30 | { | 30 | { | ||
31 | "key": "open_data", | 31 | "key": "open_data", | ||
32 | "value": "true" | 32 | "value": "true" | ||
33 | }, | 33 | }, | ||
34 | { | 34 | { | ||
35 | "key": "publicationlink", | 35 | "key": "publicationlink", | ||
36 | "value": "" | 36 | "value": "" | ||
37 | }, | 37 | }, | ||
38 | { | 38 | { | ||
39 | "key": "review_level", | 39 | "key": "review_level", | ||
40 | "value": "none" | 40 | "value": "none" | ||
41 | }, | 41 | }, | ||
42 | { | 42 | { | ||
43 | "key": "spatial", | 43 | "key": "spatial", | ||
44 | "value": "{\"type\": \"MultiPoint\", \"coordinates\": [ | 44 | "value": "{\"type\": \"MultiPoint\", \"coordinates\": [ | ||
45 | [8.66516, 47.36643], [9.73634, 46.42232], [9.79808, 46.45266], | 45 | [8.66516, 47.36643], [9.73634, 46.42232], [9.79808, 46.45266], | ||
46 | [8.60540, 47.13508], [9.85238, 46.49478], [8.78285, 47.14845]]}" | 46 | [8.60540, 47.13508], [9.85238, 46.49478], [8.78285, 47.14845]]}" | ||
47 | }, | 47 | }, | ||
48 | { | 48 | { | ||
49 | "key": "status", | 49 | "key": "status", | ||
50 | "value": "complete" | 50 | "value": "complete" | ||
51 | }, | 51 | }, | ||
52 | { | 52 | { | ||
53 | "key": "substances", | 53 | "key": "substances", | ||
54 | "value": "[]" | 54 | "value": "[]" | ||
55 | }, | 55 | }, | ||
56 | { | 56 | { | ||
57 | "key": "substances_generic", | 57 | "key": "substances_generic", | ||
58 | "value": "[]" | 58 | "value": "[]" | ||
59 | }, | 59 | }, | ||
60 | { | 60 | { | ||
61 | "key": "systems", | 61 | "key": "systems", | ||
62 | "value": "[\"Lake\"]" | 62 | "value": "[\"Lake\"]" | ||
63 | }, | 63 | }, | ||
64 | { | 64 | { | ||
65 | "key": "tags_string", | 65 | "key": "tags_string", | ||
66 | "value": "GCOS,ice phenology,in situ | 66 | "value": "GCOS,ice phenology,in situ | ||
67 | observation,webcam,satelitte" | 67 | observation,webcam,satelitte" | ||
68 | }, | 68 | }, | ||
69 | { | 69 | { | ||
70 | "key": "taxa", | 70 | "key": "taxa", | ||
71 | "value": "[]" | 71 | "value": "[]" | ||
72 | }, | 72 | }, | ||
73 | { | 73 | { | ||
74 | "key": "taxa_generic", | 74 | "key": "taxa_generic", | ||
75 | "value": "[]" | 75 | "value": "[]" | ||
76 | }, | 76 | }, | ||
77 | { | 77 | { | ||
78 | "key": "timerange", | 78 | "key": "timerange", | ||
79 | "value": "[\"[2015-11-11 TO 2016-04-13]\", \"[2015-10-26 TO | 79 | "value": "[\"[2015-11-11 TO 2016-04-13]\", \"[2015-10-26 TO | ||
80 | 2017-05-23]\", \"[2015-01-07 TO 2016]\", \"[2016-01-16 TO | 80 | 2017-05-23]\", \"[2015-01-07 TO 2016]\", \"[2016-01-16 TO | ||
81 | 2016-04-14]\", \"[2016-01-19 TO 2016-04-20]\", \"[2016-10-25 TO | 81 | 2016-04-14]\", \"[2016-01-19 TO 2016-04-20]\", \"[2016-10-25 TO | ||
82 | 2017-05-22]\", \"[2016-10-26 TO 2017-06-17]\", \"[2016-11-16 TO | 82 | 2017-05-22]\", \"[2016-10-26 TO 2017-06-17]\", \"[2016-11-16 TO | ||
83 | 2017-05-18]\", \"[2016-11-08 TO 2017-05-04]\"]" | 83 | 2017-05-18]\", \"[2016-11-08 TO 2017-05-04]\"]" | ||
84 | }, | 84 | }, | ||
85 | { | 85 | { | ||
86 | "key": "variables", | 86 | "key": "variables", | ||
87 | "value": "[\"pressure\", \"temperature\"]" | 87 | "value": "[\"pressure\", \"temperature\"]" | ||
88 | } | 88 | } | ||
89 | ], | 89 | ], | ||
90 | "groups": [ | 90 | "groups": [ | ||
91 | { | 91 | { | ||
92 | "description": "Various lake observables, including lake ice, | 92 | "description": "Various lake observables, including lake ice, | ||
93 | are related to climate and climate change and provide a good | 93 | are related to climate and climate change and provide a good | ||
94 | opportunity for long-term monitoring. Lakes (and as part of them lake | 94 | opportunity for long-term monitoring. Lakes (and as part of them lake | ||
95 | ice) is therefore considered an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) (WMO, | 95 | ice) is therefore considered an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) (WMO, | ||
96 | 2018) of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). In Switzerland, | 96 | 2018) of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). In Switzerland, | ||
97 | the implementation of GCOS is coordinated by the Swiss GCOS Office at | 97 | the implementation of GCOS is coordinated by the Swiss GCOS Office at | ||
98 | the Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss. In 2007 | 98 | the Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss. In 2007 | ||
99 | (updated in 2018), MeteoSwiss published the first national inventory | 99 | (updated in 2018), MeteoSwiss published the first national inventory | ||
100 | of the most important climate observations in Switzerland (MeteoSwiss, | 100 | of the most important climate observations in Switzerland (MeteoSwiss, | ||
101 | 2018). For each ECV, including observations of lake ice subsumed under | 101 | 2018). For each ECV, including observations of lake ice subsumed under | ||
102 | the ECV \u201cLakes\u201d, and international centre, the inventory | 102 | the ECV \u201cLakes\u201d, and international centre, the inventory | ||
103 | report identified possible gaps regarding the legal basis, definition | 103 | report identified possible gaps regarding the legal basis, definition | ||
104 | of responsibilities, and availability of financial resources for the | 104 | of responsibilities, and availability of financial resources for the | ||
105 | continuation of observations and operation, respectively. In 2008, | 105 | continuation of observations and operation, respectively. In 2008, | ||
106 | considering the findings of this report, the Federal Council approved | 106 | considering the findings of this report, the Federal Council approved | ||
107 | a financial contribution to secure the continuation of time series and | 107 | a financial contribution to secure the continuation of time series and | ||
108 | international centres at risk of discontinuation, as a long-term | 108 | international centres at risk of discontinuation, as a long-term | ||
109 | contribution to GCOS. Concerning the ECV \u201cLakes\u201d, in the | 109 | contribution to GCOS. Concerning the ECV \u201cLakes\u201d, in the | ||
110 | global National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado | 110 | global National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado | ||
111 | database on lake ice-on/off dates, currently only Lake St. Moritz is | 111 | database on lake ice-on/off dates, currently only Lake St. Moritz is | ||
112 | partly included (till 2012). Further, existing observations and data | 112 | partly included (till 2012). Further, existing observations and data | ||
113 | from local authorities and publications are not systematic and come | 113 | from local authorities and publications are not systematic and come | ||
114 | from different, uncoordinated and not secured sources. Traditionally, | 114 | from different, uncoordinated and not secured sources. Traditionally, | ||
115 | on-shore observers collected the information of lake ice recording the | 115 | on-shore observers collected the information of lake ice recording the | ||
116 | visible frozen-edge. Within the past two decades due to lack of budget | 116 | visible frozen-edge. Within the past two decades due to lack of budget | ||
117 | and/or human resources, the number of field observations declined and | 117 | and/or human resources, the number of field observations declined and | ||
118 | mostly totally stopped. At the same time, the potential of different | 118 | mostly totally stopped. At the same time, the potential of different | ||
119 | remote sensing sensors covering varying time periods and spatial | 119 | remote sensing sensors covering varying time periods and spatial | ||
120 | coverage to measure the occurrence of lake ice was demonstrated by | 120 | coverage to measure the occurrence of lake ice was demonstrated by | ||
121 | several investigations. Thus, following the need for an integrated | 121 | several investigations. Thus, following the need for an integrated | ||
122 | multi-temporal monitoring of lake ice in Switzerland, MeteoSwiss in | 122 | multi-temporal monitoring of lake ice in Switzerland, MeteoSwiss in | ||
123 | the framework of GCOS Switzerland supported this 2-year project to | 123 | the framework of GCOS Switzerland supported this 2-year project to | ||
124 | explore not only the use of satellite images but also the | 124 | explore not only the use of satellite images but also the | ||
125 | possibilities of Webcams and in-situ measurements.\r\nThe aim of this | 125 | possibilities of Webcams and in-situ measurements.\r\nThe aim of this | ||
126 | project is to monitor some target lakes and detect the extent of ice | 126 | project is to monitor some target lakes and detect the extent of ice | ||
127 | and especially the ice-on/off dates, with focus on the integration of | 127 | and especially the ice-on/off dates, with focus on the integration of | ||
128 | various input data and processing methods. Regarding ice-on/off dates, | 128 | various input data and processing methods. Regarding ice-on/off dates, | ||
129 | the GCOS requirements are daily observations and an accuracy of +/- 2 | 129 | the GCOS requirements are daily observations and an accuracy of +/- 2 | ||
130 | days. The target lakes were: St. Moritz, Silvaplana, Sils, Sihl, | 130 | days. The target lakes were: St. Moritz, Silvaplana, Sils, Sihl, | ||
131 | Greifen and Aegeri, whereby only the first four were mainly frozen | 131 | Greifen and Aegeri, whereby only the first four were mainly frozen | ||
132 | during the observation period and thus processed. These lakes have | 132 | during the observation period and thus processed. These lakes have | ||
133 | variable area (very small to middle-sized), altitude (low to high) and | 133 | variable area (very small to middle-sized), altitude (low to high) and | ||
134 | surrounding topography (flat/hilly to mountainous) and freeze | 134 | surrounding topography (flat/hilly to mountainous) and freeze | ||
135 | generally often, covering thus difficult to medium difficulty cases, | 135 | generally often, covering thus difficult to medium difficulty cases, | ||
136 | regarding area, altitude and topography. For all image data, only | 136 | regarding area, altitude and topography. For all image data, only | ||
137 | cloud-free pixels lying entirely within the lake were processed. The | 137 | cloud-free pixels lying entirely within the lake were processed. The | ||
138 | observation period was mainly the winter 2016-17. During the project, | 138 | observation period was mainly the winter 2016-17. During the project, | ||
139 | various approaches were developed, implemented, tested and compared. | 139 | various approaches were developed, implemented, tested and compared. | ||
140 | Firstly, low spatial resolution (250 - 1000 m) but high temporal | 140 | Firstly, low spatial resolution (250 - 1000 m) but high temporal | ||
141 | resolution (1 day) satellite images from the optical sensors MODIS and | 141 | resolution (1 day) satellite images from the optical sensors MODIS and | ||
142 | VIIRS were used. Secondly, and as a pilot project, the use of existing | 142 | VIIRS were used. Secondly, and as a pilot project, the use of existing | ||
143 | public Webcams was investigated for (a) validation of results from | 143 | public Webcams was investigated for (a) validation of results from | ||
144 | satellite data, and (b) independent estimation of lake ice, especially | 144 | satellite data, and (b) independent estimation of lake ice, especially | ||
145 | for small lakes like St. Moritz, that could not be possibly monitored | 145 | for small lakes like St. Moritz, that could not be possibly monitored | ||
146 | in the satellite images. Thirdly, in-situ measurements were made in | 146 | in the satellite images. Thirdly, in-situ measurements were made in | ||
147 | order to characterize the development of the temperature profiles and | 147 | order to characterize the development of the temperature profiles and | ||
148 | partly pressure before freezing and under the ice-cover until melting. | 148 | partly pressure before freezing and under the ice-cover until melting. | ||
149 | Besides the validation of the results from other data, this in-situ | 149 | Besides the validation of the results from other data, this in-situ | ||
150 | data is used to calibrate a one-dimensional physical lake model so | 150 | data is used to calibrate a one-dimensional physical lake model so | ||
151 | that the criteria for freezing of different Swiss lakes can be derived | 151 | that the criteria for freezing of different Swiss lakes can be derived | ||
152 | as a function of meteorological and morphometric conditions. It is | 152 | as a function of meteorological and morphometric conditions. It is | ||
153 | expected that the developed methods and software can be used, possibly | 153 | expected that the developed methods and software can be used, possibly | ||
154 | with some modifications, also for other data acquired for the same | 154 | with some modifications, also for other data acquired for the same | ||
155 | lakes or other ones in Switzerland and abroad. The project is a | 155 | lakes or other ones in Switzerland and abroad. The project is a | ||
156 | feasibility study, which should lead to a comparison and analysis of | 156 | feasibility study, which should lead to a comparison and analysis of | ||
157 | the above three techniques and recommendations to MeteoSwiss for | 157 | the above three techniques and recommendations to MeteoSwiss for | ||
158 | further actions. This report presents the results of the project | 158 | further actions. This report presents the results of the project | ||
159 | work.\r\nUsing MODIS and VIIRS satellite data, ETHZ proposed a | 159 | work.\r\nUsing MODIS and VIIRS satellite data, ETHZ proposed a | ||
160 | processing chain for lake ice monitoring. We tackled lake ice | 160 | processing chain for lake ice monitoring. We tackled lake ice | ||
161 | detection as a pixel-wise, two-class (frozen/non-frozen) semantic | 161 | detection as a pixel-wise, two-class (frozen/non-frozen) semantic | ||
162 | segmentation problem with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification. | 162 | segmentation problem with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification. | ||
163 | Four different lakes were analysed: Sihl, Sils, Silvaplana and St. | 163 | Four different lakes were analysed: Sihl, Sils, Silvaplana and St. | ||
164 | Moritz using both MODIS and VIIRS data. While we have concentrated on | 164 | Moritz using both MODIS and VIIRS data. While we have concentrated on | ||
165 | lakes in Switzerland, the ETHZ methodology is generic and the results | 165 | lakes in Switzerland, the ETHZ methodology is generic and the results | ||
166 | could hopefully be directly applied to other lakes with similar | 166 | could hopefully be directly applied to other lakes with similar | ||
167 | conditions, in Switzerland and abroad, and possibly to similar | 167 | conditions, in Switzerland and abroad, and possibly to similar | ||
168 | sensors. To assess the performance, the data from both MODIS and VIIRS | 168 | sensors. To assess the performance, the data from both MODIS and VIIRS | ||
169 | were processed from one full winter (2016/17) including the relatively | 169 | were processed from one full winter (2016/17) including the relatively | ||
170 | short but challenging freezing and melting periods, where frozen and | 170 | short but challenging freezing and melting periods, where frozen and | ||
171 | non-frozen pixels co-exist on the same lake. Using MODIS data, we also | 171 | non-frozen pixels co-exist on the same lake. Using MODIS data, we also | ||
172 | processed dates from 2011/12 and we demonstrate that the ETHZ approach | 172 | processed dates from 2011/12 and we demonstrate that the ETHZ approach | ||
173 | gives consistent results over multiple winters, and that it | 173 | gives consistent results over multiple winters, and that it | ||
174 | generalizes fairly well from one winter to another. For both MODIS and | 174 | generalizes fairly well from one winter to another. For both MODIS and | ||
175 | VIIRS, we have also shown that the model generalizes well across | 175 | VIIRS, we have also shown that the model generalizes well across | ||
176 | lakes.\r\nETHZ dealt with the feasibility of lake ice monitoring using | 176 | lakes.\r\nETHZ dealt with the feasibility of lake ice monitoring using | ||
177 | Webcam images as a supplement or alternative to other monitoring | 177 | Webcam images as a supplement or alternative to other monitoring | ||
178 | methods. Therefore, publically available Webcam images capturing six | 178 | methods. Therefore, publically available Webcam images capturing six | ||
179 | Swiss lakes were downloaded from the Internet in the periods of the | 179 | Swiss lakes were downloaded from the Internet in the periods of the | ||
180 | winters 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Our evaluation was based on two | 180 | winters 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Our evaluation was based on two | ||
181 | cameras (high- and low-resolution) monitoring the lake of St. Moritz. | 181 | cameras (high- and low-resolution) monitoring the lake of St. Moritz. | ||
182 | To predict the lake ice coverage of the observed water body, fully | 182 | To predict the lake ice coverage of the observed water body, fully | ||
183 | Connected Neuronal Networks (part of Deep Learning and Artificial | 183 | Connected Neuronal Networks (part of Deep Learning and Artificial | ||
184 | Intelligence methods) were utilized. Given an input image, such | 184 | Intelligence methods) were utilized. Given an input image, such | ||
185 | networks are designed to predict pixel-wise class probabilities. For | 185 | networks are designed to predict pixel-wise class probabilities. For | ||
186 | the problem at hand, the target classes were: snow, ice, water and | 186 | the problem at hand, the target classes were: snow, ice, water and | ||
187 | clutter. Several tests were conducted to identify important parameters | 187 | clutter. Several tests were conducted to identify important parameters | ||
188 | for the intensive training of such networks. Moreover, generalization | 188 | for the intensive training of such networks. Moreover, generalization | ||
189 | capabilities with respect to differing cameras and to data recorded in | 189 | capabilities with respect to differing cameras and to data recorded in | ||
190 | different winters were investigated. In contrast to optical satellite | 190 | different winters were investigated. In contrast to optical satellite | ||
191 | data, Webcams typically record multiple images per day. A median-based | 191 | data, Webcams typically record multiple images per day. A median-based | ||
192 | strategy to fuse such results to derive daily predictions was | 192 | strategy to fuse such results to derive daily predictions was | ||
193 | implemented. Moreover, possibilities of further exploiting temporal | 193 | implemented. Moreover, possibilities of further exploiting temporal | ||
194 | redundancy to improve predictions were explored by using two | 194 | redundancy to improve predictions were explored by using two | ||
195 | additional network architectures.\r\nThe Remote Sensing Research | 195 | additional network architectures.\r\nThe Remote Sensing Research | ||
196 | Group, Institute of Geography, University of Bern focuses on the | 196 | Group, Institute of Geography, University of Bern focuses on the | ||
197 | development of a physical approach to monitor lake ice based on data | 197 | development of a physical approach to monitor lake ice based on data | ||
198 | of the satellite sensor VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer | 198 | of the satellite sensor VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer | ||
199 | Suite) on-board of NOAA satellites Suomi-NPP. The advantage of the | 199 | Suite) on-board of NOAA satellites Suomi-NPP. The advantage of the | ||
200 | VIIRS data is the daily temporal resolution and improved spatial | 200 | VIIRS data is the daily temporal resolution and improved spatial | ||
201 | resolution of 375m considering the high-resolution channels | 201 | resolution of 375m considering the high-resolution channels | ||
202 | (I-channels). A comprehensive pre-processing chain has been developed | 202 | (I-channels). A comprehensive pre-processing chain has been developed | ||
203 | and implemented to efficiently obtain projected data of the region of | 203 | and implemented to efficiently obtain projected data of the region of | ||
204 | interests (target lakes in Switzerland) from multiple scans. Not only | 204 | interests (target lakes in Switzerland) from multiple scans. Not only | ||
205 | the scientific data records of VIIRS data (e.g., radiometric data, | 205 | the scientific data records of VIIRS data (e.g., radiometric data, | ||
206 | geolocation information) were processed but also environmental data | 206 | geolocation information) were processed but also environmental data | ||
207 | records (e.g., VIIRS M-band surface temperature), and intermediate | 207 | records (e.g., VIIRS M-band surface temperature), and intermediate | ||
208 | products (e.g., cloud masks), which were needed for product retrieval. | 208 | products (e.g., cloud masks), which were needed for product retrieval. | ||
209 | The developed approach considers surface temperature and reflectance | 209 | The developed approach considers surface temperature and reflectance | ||
210 | values in the visible and near-infrared spectra. The method relies on | 210 | values in the visible and near-infrared spectra. The method relies on | ||
211 | the assumption that a frozen water surface has a temperature below | 211 | the assumption that a frozen water surface has a temperature below | ||
212 | 0\u00b0C and an ice layer increases the reflectance in the | 212 | 0\u00b0C and an ice layer increases the reflectance in the | ||
213 | visible/near-infrared wavelengths. Retrieval of surface temperature | 213 | visible/near-infrared wavelengths. Retrieval of surface temperature | ||
214 | using only one channel in the atmospheric window requires a procedure | 214 | using only one channel in the atmospheric window requires a procedure | ||
215 | to correct for atmospheric effects (attenuation). Therefore, a single | 215 | to correct for atmospheric effects (attenuation). Therefore, a single | ||
216 | channel PMW (Physical Mono Window) model has been adapted to the | 216 | channel PMW (Physical Mono Window) model has been adapted to the | ||
217 | thermal I-band data of the VIIRS sensor (I05) considering atmospheric | 217 | thermal I-band data of the VIIRS sensor (I05) considering atmospheric | ||
218 | data from the European Center for Medium Weather Forecast (ECMWF), | 218 | data from the European Center for Medium Weather Forecast (ECMWF), | ||
219 | which were required for the radiative transfer modelling to minimize | 219 | which were required for the radiative transfer modelling to minimize | ||
220 | atmospheric attenuation. The accuracy of the retrieved VIIRS I-band | 220 | atmospheric attenuation. The accuracy of the retrieved VIIRS I-band | ||
221 | PMW Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) has been assessed with | 221 | PMW Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) has been assessed with | ||
222 | cross-satellite comparison and temperature based validation for Lake | 222 | cross-satellite comparison and temperature based validation for Lake | ||
223 | Geneva (station Buchillon) and the target lakes Lake Greifen and Lake | 223 | Geneva (station Buchillon) and the target lakes Lake Greifen and Lake | ||
224 | Sils.\r\nThe assessment of thermal infrared-derived surface | 224 | Sils.\r\nThe assessment of thermal infrared-derived surface | ||
225 | temperatures indicates an overall good performance of the physical | 225 | temperatures indicates an overall good performance of the physical | ||
226 | mono window LSWT retrieval method for VIIRS I-band data. Therefore, | 226 | mono window LSWT retrieval method for VIIRS I-band data. Therefore, | ||
227 | lake ice detection, based on LSWT, the normalized difference snow | 227 | lake ice detection, based on LSWT, the normalized difference snow | ||
228 | index (NDSI) and additional thresholds have been accomplished for the | 228 | index (NDSI) and additional thresholds have been accomplished for the | ||
229 | two target lakes for October 2016 to April 2017. Considering both the | 229 | two target lakes for October 2016 to April 2017. Considering both the | ||
230 | VIIRS I-band reflectance and thermal infrared-derived LSWT were a | 230 | VIIRS I-band reflectance and thermal infrared-derived LSWT were a | ||
231 | satisfying approach for lake ice detection, even for small lakes (e.g. | 231 | satisfying approach for lake ice detection, even for small lakes (e.g. | ||
232 | Lake Sils). The implemented two-step-approach used these results to | 232 | Lake Sils). The implemented two-step-approach used these results to | ||
233 | determine, without user-interaction, the thresholds to retrieve ice | 233 | determine, without user-interaction, the thresholds to retrieve ice | ||
234 | phenology. Finally, this results in an automatic determination of | 234 | phenology. Finally, this results in an automatic determination of | ||
235 | duration of ice cover (phenology) due to the identification of | 235 | duration of ice cover (phenology) due to the identification of | ||
236 | first/last day with ice cover, even for small lakes where only | 236 | first/last day with ice cover, even for small lakes where only | ||
237 | four-six 375m-pixels being not affected by the shoreline. Hence, the | 237 | four-six 375m-pixels being not affected by the shoreline. Hence, the | ||
238 | developments made for this feasibility study were successful and the | 238 | developments made for this feasibility study were successful and the | ||
239 | pre-operational concept of our modular procedure can be part of an | 239 | pre-operational concept of our modular procedure can be part of an | ||
240 | operational service.\r\nIn-situ measurements and processing were | 240 | operational service.\r\nIn-situ measurements and processing were | ||
241 | performed by EAWAG. There is no direct method to measure ice coverage | 241 | performed by EAWAG. There is no direct method to measure ice coverage | ||
242 | in lakes. Time series of lake temperatures are often used to assess | 242 | in lakes. Time series of lake temperatures are often used to assess | ||
243 | freezing and melting conditions. Yet, the 0\u00b0C boundary condition | 243 | freezing and melting conditions. Yet, the 0\u00b0C boundary condition | ||
244 | for ice cover in lakes is limited to a very thin layer at the surface | 244 | for ice cover in lakes is limited to a very thin layer at the surface | ||
245 | (0 cm) immediately under the ice and is practically nearly impossible | 245 | (0 cm) immediately under the ice and is practically nearly impossible | ||
246 | to measure with moorings. In this project, we tested different | 246 | to measure with moorings. In this project, we tested different | ||
247 | approaches to monitor the ice cover period by analysing the changes in | 247 | approaches to monitor the ice cover period by analysing the changes in | ||
248 | lake dynamics during ice-free and ice covered period. Namely, we | 248 | lake dynamics during ice-free and ice covered period. Namely, we | ||
249 | observed that (i) the correlation in the temperature time series of | 249 | observed that (i) the correlation in the temperature time series of | ||
250 | two closely vertically located sensors changed when the external | 250 | two closely vertically located sensors changed when the external | ||
251 | forcing are modified by the ice. Similar results can be observed | 251 | forcing are modified by the ice. Similar results can be observed | ||
252 | through (ii) wavelet and Fourier analysis of the temporal evolution of | 252 | through (ii) wavelet and Fourier analysis of the temporal evolution of | ||
253 | a single temperature logger with a noticeable drop in the energy (e.g. | 253 | a single temperature logger with a noticeable drop in the energy (e.g. | ||
254 | temperature fluctuations) during the ice covered period. Lastly, | 254 | temperature fluctuations) during the ice covered period. Lastly, | ||
255 | (iii), we evaluated the potential of using a high frequency pressure | 255 | (iii), we evaluated the potential of using a high frequency pressure | ||
256 | sensor to track the ice-on/off periods. Finally, the ice phenology was | 256 | sensor to track the ice-on/off periods. Finally, the ice phenology was | ||
257 | investigated with two different numerical models. A fully | 257 | investigated with two different numerical models. A fully | ||
258 | deterministic hydrodynamic model (simstrat.eawag.ch) provided | 258 | deterministic hydrodynamic model (simstrat.eawag.ch) provided | ||
259 | information related to the sensitivity of the ice coverage to the | 259 | information related to the sensitivity of the ice coverage to the | ||
260 | meteorological forcing (e.g. mostly wind and air temperature) and lake | 260 | meteorological forcing (e.g. mostly wind and air temperature) and lake | ||
261 | characteristics (e.g. bathymetry). This model together with a second | 261 | characteristics (e.g. bathymetry). This model together with a second | ||
262 | hybrid model were used to evaluate the long term phenology of frozen | 262 | hybrid model were used to evaluate the long term phenology of frozen | ||
263 | lakes and will allow estimate of the change in phenology under climate | 263 | lakes and will allow estimate of the change in phenology under climate | ||
264 | change conditions (with CH2018 dataset).\r\nThe results of ice-on/off | 264 | change conditions (with CH2018 dataset).\r\nThe results of ice-on/off | ||
265 | dates were based on ground-truth, mainly consisting of visual | 265 | dates were based on ground-truth, mainly consisting of visual | ||
266 | interpretation of Webcam images, which had some deficiencies and | 266 | interpretation of Webcam images, which had some deficiencies and | ||
267 | cannot be fully trusted. Furthermore, for the satellite data, clouds | 267 | cannot be fully trusted. Furthermore, for the satellite data, clouds | ||
268 | on and/or close to the ice-on/off dates led in some cases to large | 268 | on and/or close to the ice-on/off dates led in some cases to large | ||
269 | errors in the determination of these dates. The comparison of the | 269 | errors in the determination of these dates. The comparison of the | ||
270 | different monitoring methods was not based on sufficiently extensive | 270 | different monitoring methods was not based on sufficiently extensive | ||
271 | and timely co-incident data. In spite of these difficulties, some very | 271 | and timely co-incident data. In spite of these difficulties, some very | ||
272 | valuable conclusions can still be drawn. Small lakes (< 2 km2) are | 272 | valuable conclusions can still be drawn. Small lakes (< 2 km2) are | ||
273 | problematic for satellite images with a ground pixel size of about | 273 | problematic for satellite images with a ground pixel size of about | ||
274 | 250-400m and more. Webcams (though in this case with limited tests) | 274 | 250-400m and more. Webcams (though in this case with limited tests) | ||
275 | and in-situ (temperature-based) measurements showed the best accuracy. | 275 | and in-situ (temperature-based) measurements showed the best accuracy. | ||
276 | Optical satellite data suffer from clouds, cloud mask errors, | 276 | Optical satellite data suffer from clouds, cloud mask errors, | ||
277 | reflectance variations and other factors, and their accuracy regarding | 277 | reflectance variations and other factors, and their accuracy regarding | ||
278 | ice-on/off was worse. The two different processing methods (ETHZ and | 278 | ice-on/off was worse. The two different processing methods (ETHZ and | ||
279 | UniBe) of the same VIIRS data had generally similar performance but | 279 | UniBe) of the same VIIRS data had generally similar performance but | ||
280 | differences should be investigated. The main problem for all data | 280 | differences should be investigated. The main problem for all data | ||
281 | (apart in-situ) is the separation between transparent/clear ice | 281 | (apart in-situ) is the separation between transparent/clear ice | ||
282 | (usually thin) and water, particularly in the freeze-up (but also less | 282 | (usually thin) and water, particularly in the freeze-up (but also less | ||
283 | in the break-up) period, because of very similar reflectance. This | 283 | in the break-up) period, because of very similar reflectance. This | ||
284 | problem gets worse with reduced spatial resolution of the images. Even | 284 | problem gets worse with reduced spatial resolution of the images. Even | ||
285 | careful visual interpretation of image data cannot reliably | 285 | careful visual interpretation of image data cannot reliably | ||
286 | distinguish between these two cases. Unfortunately, the critical | 286 | distinguish between these two cases. Unfortunately, the critical | ||
287 | ice-on/off dates involve water and ice (snow usually comes later on | 287 | ice-on/off dates involve water and ice (snow usually comes later on | ||
288 | ice-on and melts earlier than ice-off) and thus, accurate | 288 | ice-on and melts earlier than ice-off) and thus, accurate | ||
289 | identification of transparent ice or water is crucial for the accurate | 289 | identification of transparent ice or water is crucial for the accurate | ||
290 | identification of ice-on/off dates.\r\nWhile as known, satellite data | 290 | identification of ice-on/off dates.\r\nWhile as known, satellite data | ||
291 | is the best operational input for global coverage, but partly also in | 291 | is the best operational input for global coverage, but partly also in | ||
292 | Switzerland, for Switzerland Webcam and in-situ data are very | 292 | Switzerland, for Switzerland Webcam and in-situ data are very | ||
293 | valuable. Further data, than those used in this project, should | 293 | valuable. Further data, than those used in this project, should | ||
294 | include radar satellite data (as highest priority to avoid the cloud | 294 | include radar satellite data (as highest priority to avoid the cloud | ||
295 | problem) and additionally optical high spatial resolution satellite | 295 | problem) and additionally optical high spatial resolution satellite | ||
296 | data (especially the free ESA Sentinel-1/2 data), better Webcams | 296 | data (especially the free ESA Sentinel-1/2 data), better Webcams | ||
297 | (especially with Pan-Tilt-Zoom) and extended in-situ measurements (in | 297 | (especially with Pan-Tilt-Zoom) and extended in-situ measurements (in | ||
298 | combination with local, cheap meteo stations and better Webcams). For | 298 | combination with local, cheap meteo stations and better Webcams). For | ||
299 | in-situ observations and generally, cooperation with Swiss Federal and | 299 | in-situ observations and generally, cooperation with Swiss Federal and | ||
300 | other agencies and stakeholders would be very beneficial.", | 300 | other agencies and stakeholders would be very beneficial.", | ||
301 | "display_name": "Integrated monitoring of icing-up of selected | 301 | "display_name": "Integrated monitoring of icing-up of selected | ||
302 | swiss lakes", | 302 | swiss lakes", | ||
303 | "id": "8668c43f-db0f-4e25-b915-a910cde0ac4e", | 303 | "id": "8668c43f-db0f-4e25-b915-a910cde0ac4e", | ||
304 | "image_display_url": | 304 | "image_display_url": | ||
305 | st:5000/uploads/group/2016-12-05-092326.70809515-71StMoritzersee.jpg", | 305 | st:5000/uploads/group/2016-12-05-092326.70809515-71StMoritzersee.jpg", | ||
306 | "name": | 306 | "name": | ||
307 | "integrated-monitoring-of-icing-up-of-selected-swiss-lakes", | 307 | "integrated-monitoring-of-icing-up-of-selected-swiss-lakes", | ||
308 | "title": "Integrated monitoring of icing-up of selected swiss | 308 | "title": "Integrated monitoring of icing-up of selected swiss | ||
309 | lakes" | 309 | lakes" | ||
310 | } | 310 | } | ||
311 | ], | 311 | ], | ||
312 | "id": "3c2ff3ab-151c-44a4-8769-fba684663020", | 312 | "id": "3c2ff3ab-151c-44a4-8769-fba684663020", | ||
313 | "isopen": false, | 313 | "isopen": false, | ||
314 | "license_id": null, | 314 | "license_id": null, | ||
315 | "license_title": null, | 315 | "license_title": null, | ||
316 | "maintainer": "Pluess, Michael", | 316 | "maintainer": "Pluess, Michael", | ||
317 | "maintainer_email": "michael.pluess@eawag.ch", | 317 | "maintainer_email": "michael.pluess@eawag.ch", | ||
318 | "metadata_created": "2019-12-06T21:52:35.599940", | 318 | "metadata_created": "2019-12-06T21:52:35.599940", | ||
319 | "metadata_modified": "2019-12-06T21:52:35.599951", | 319 | "metadata_modified": "2019-12-06T21:52:35.599951", | ||
320 | "name": | 320 | "name": | ||
321 | ntegrated-monitoring-of-icing-up-of-selected-swiss-lakes-finalreport", | 321 | ntegrated-monitoring-of-icing-up-of-selected-swiss-lakes-finalreport", | ||
322 | "notes": "The project aim is to monitor some target lakes and detect | 322 | "notes": "The project aim is to monitor some target lakes and detect | ||
323 | the extent of ice, the duration of lake ice and in particular the | 323 | the extent of ice, the duration of lake ice and in particular the | ||
324 | ice-on/off dates, with focus on the integration of various input data | 324 | ice-on/off dates, with focus on the integration of various input data | ||
325 | and processing methods. Thereby, various approaches will be | 325 | and processing methods. Thereby, various approaches will be | ||
326 | implemented, developed, compared and integrated. Firstly, low spatial | 326 | implemented, developed, compared and integrated. Firstly, low spatial | ||
327 | resolution (250 - 1000 m) but high temporal resolution (1 day) | 327 | resolution (250 - 1000 m) but high temporal resolution (1 day) | ||
328 | satellite images from various sensors will be used. Several spectral | 328 | satellite images from various sensors will be used. Several spectral | ||
329 | bands will be used, both reflective and emissive (thermal). Secondly, | 329 | bands will be used, both reflective and emissive (thermal). Secondly, | ||
330 | and as a pilot project, the use of existing Webcams will be | 330 | and as a pilot project, the use of existing Webcams will be | ||
331 | investigated for (a) validation of results from satellite data, and | 331 | investigated for (a) validation of results from satellite data, and | ||
332 | (b) independent estimation of lake ice, especially for small lakes | 332 | (b) independent estimation of lake ice, especially for small lakes | ||
333 | that cannot be detected in the satellite images. Thirdly, in-situ | 333 | that cannot be detected in the satellite images. Thirdly, in-situ | ||
334 | measurements will be made in order to characterize the development of | 334 | measurements will be made in order to characterize the development of | ||
335 | the temperature profiles before freezing and under the ice-cover until | 335 | the temperature profiles before freezing and under the ice-cover until | ||
336 | melting. Besides the validation of the results from other data, this | 336 | melting. Besides the validation of the results from other data, this | ||
337 | data will be used to calibrate a one-dimensional turbulence model so | 337 | data will be used to calibrate a one-dimensional turbulence model so | ||
338 | that the criteria for freezing of different Swiss lakes can be derived | 338 | that the criteria for freezing of different Swiss lakes can be derived | ||
339 | as a function of meteorological and other conditions in late autumn | 339 | as a function of meteorological and other conditions in late autumn | ||
340 | and winter. It is expected that the developed methods and software can | 340 | and winter. It is expected that the developed methods and software can | ||
341 | be used, possibly with some modifications, also for data acquired in | 341 | be used, possibly with some modifications, also for data acquired in | ||
342 | the future. The project is a feasibility study, which should lead to a | 342 | the future. The project is a feasibility study, which should lead to a | ||
343 | comparison and analysis of the above three techniques and | 343 | comparison and analysis of the above three techniques and | ||
344 | recommendations to MeteoSwiss for further actions.", | 344 | recommendations to MeteoSwiss for further actions.", | ||
345 | "num_resources": 7, | 345 | "num_resources": 7, | ||
346 | "num_tags": 5, | 346 | "num_tags": 5, | ||
347 | "organization": { | 347 | "organization": { | ||
348 | "approval_status": "approved", | 348 | "approval_status": "approved", | ||
349 | "created": "2019-09-18T14:11:50.244436", | 349 | "created": "2019-09-18T14:11:50.244436", | ||
350 | "description": "The Aquatic Physics Group studies physical | 350 | "description": "The Aquatic Physics Group studies physical | ||
351 | processes mainly in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. We have two | 351 | processes mainly in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. We have two | ||
352 | approaches:\r\n\r\n+ From small scale in situ turbulence measurements | 352 | approaches:\r\n\r\n+ From small scale in situ turbulence measurements | ||
353 | to large scale three-dimensional models.\r\n\r\n+ Aquatic physics as a | 353 | to large scale three-dimensional models.\r\n\r\n+ Aquatic physics as a | ||
354 | tool to understand aquatic systems.\r\n\r\nOur research consists in | 354 | tool to understand aquatic systems.\r\n\r\nOur research consists in | ||
355 | dedicated in-situ measurements together with large scale three | 355 | dedicated in-situ measurements together with large scale three | ||
356 | dimensional numerical models. This approach is perfectly fitted to | 356 | dimensional numerical models. This approach is perfectly fitted to | ||
357 | understand the spatial variability of lakes.", | 357 | understand the spatial variability of lakes.", | ||
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362 | "name": "aquatic-physics", | 362 | "name": "aquatic-physics", | ||
363 | "state": "active", | 363 | "state": "active", | ||
364 | "title": "Aquatic Physics", | 364 | "title": "Aquatic Physics", | ||
365 | "type": "organization" | 365 | "type": "organization" | ||
366 | }, | 366 | }, | ||
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